Integration: Integration techniques
Trigonometric integrals
Using the substitution method, we can also solve trigonometric integrals. We often use the following trigonometric rules of calculation here.
\[\sin^2(x) + \cos^2(x) = 1 \]
\[\cos^2(x) = \frac{\cos(2x)+1}{2}\]
\[\sin^2(x) = \frac{1-\cos(2x)}{2}\]
#\int -\cos(7\cdot x)^5\cdot \sin(7\cdot x) \,\dd x=# #{{\cos(7\cdot x)^6}\over{42}} + C#
We apply the substitution method with #g(x)={{x^5}\over{7}}# and #h(x)=\cos(7\cdot x)#, because in that case #g(h(x)) \cdot h'(x)=-\cos(7\cdot x)^5\cdot \sin(7\cdot x)# applies. This goes as follows:
\[\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle \int -\cos(7\cdot x)^5\cdot \sin(7\cdot x) \,\dd x&=& \displaystyle \int {{\cos(7\cdot x)^5}\over{7}} \cdot -7\cdot \sin(7\cdot x) \, \dd x \\&&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 2: rewritten to the form }\int g(h(x)) \cdot h'(x) \, \dd x \text{ with } h'(x)=-7\cdot \sin(7\cdot x)} \\ &=& \displaystyle \int \left({{\cos(7\cdot x)^5}\over{7}} \right) \, \dd(\cos(7\cdot x)) \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 3: rewritten using }h'(x)=\dd (h(x))} \\ &=& \displaystyle \int {{u^5}\over{7}} \, \dd u \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 4: substituted }\cos(7\cdot x)=u} \\ &=& \displaystyle {{u^6}\over{42}} +C \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 5: found the antiderivative}} \\ &=& \displaystyle {{\cos(7\cdot x)^6}\over{42}} +C \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{stap 6: substituted }u=\cos(7\cdot x)}
\end{array}\]
We apply the substitution method with #g(x)={{x^5}\over{7}}# and #h(x)=\cos(7\cdot x)#, because in that case #g(h(x)) \cdot h'(x)=-\cos(7\cdot x)^5\cdot \sin(7\cdot x)# applies. This goes as follows:
\[\begin{array}{rcl}\displaystyle \int -\cos(7\cdot x)^5\cdot \sin(7\cdot x) \,\dd x&=& \displaystyle \int {{\cos(7\cdot x)^5}\over{7}} \cdot -7\cdot \sin(7\cdot x) \, \dd x \\&&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 2: rewritten to the form }\int g(h(x)) \cdot h'(x) \, \dd x \text{ with } h'(x)=-7\cdot \sin(7\cdot x)} \\ &=& \displaystyle \int \left({{\cos(7\cdot x)^5}\over{7}} \right) \, \dd(\cos(7\cdot x)) \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 3: rewritten using }h'(x)=\dd (h(x))} \\ &=& \displaystyle \int {{u^5}\over{7}} \, \dd u \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 4: substituted }\cos(7\cdot x)=u} \\ &=& \displaystyle {{u^6}\over{42}} +C \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{step 5: found the antiderivative}} \\ &=& \displaystyle {{\cos(7\cdot x)^6}\over{42}} +C \\ &&\phantom{xxx}\blue{\text{stap 6: substituted }u=\cos(7\cdot x)}
\end{array}\]
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